Nom
Il vient de la phrase « idhâ nûdiya lis-salâti min yawm il-jumu`ati » (quand on appelle à la prière le vendredi) du verset 9. Même si dans cette sourate des ordonnances à propos de la prière du Vendredi ont été données, cette prière n’est pas le thème de tout son contenu, mais ce nom, comme le nom d’autres sourates, est seulement un titre symbolique.
Période de Révélation
La période de la révélation de la première partie (versets1 à 8) est l’année 7 de l’hégire, et elle a été probablement révélée à l’occasion de la conquête de Khaybar ou peu de temps après. Al-Bukhârî, Muslim, At-Tirmidhî, An-Nasâ’î et Ibn Jarîr ont relaté de la part d’Abû Hurayrah que lui et d’autres compagnons étaient assis dans l’assemblée du Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — quand ces versets ont été révélés. A propos d’Abû Hurayrah, il est confirmé historiquement qu’il est entré dans l’Islam après la trève de Hudaybiyah et avant la conquête de Khaybar. Or, Khaybar a été conquise, selon Ibn Hishâm, au mois de Muharram, et selon Ibn Sa`d, au mois de Jumâdâ Al-Ûlâ de l’année 7. Donc, vraisemblablement, il se peut qu’Allah ait envoyé ces versets en s’adressant aux juifs, quand leur dernier bastion est tombé aux mains des musulmans, ou qu’ils aient été révélés quand, au vu du sort de Khaybar, toutes les colonies juives du Hijâz du Nord se sont rendues aux gouvernements islamiques.
La deuxième partie (versets 9 à 11) a été envoyée peu de temps après l’hégire, car le Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — a institué la prière du vendredi le 5ème jour de son arrivée à Médine. L’incident dont il est fait référence dans le dernier verset de cette partie a probablement eu lieu à un moment où les gens n’avaient pas reçu tout l’enseignement sur les bonnes manières à observer lors des congrégations religieuses.
Thème et Contenu
Comme nous l’avons expliqué ci-dessus, les deux parties de cette sourate ont été révélées à deux périodes différentes. C’est pourquoi leur thème ainsi que leur but sont différents. Même s’il y a une harmonie entre elles du fait qu’elles constituent une même sourate, nous pouvons cependant comprendre leurs thèmes séparément avant de s’intéresser à la question de leur harmonie.
Texte 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