Nom
La sourate tire son nom "Al-Ahzâb" du verset 20.
Période de Révélation
La sourate parle de trois événements importants qui sont : la Bataille de la Tranchée (ou Al-Ahzab : les Clans ou les Coalisés), qui eut lieu pendant le mois de Shawwâl, en l’an 5 après l’Hégire ; l’attaque contre les Banû Quraydhah, entreprise durant Dhul-Qi`dah, en l’an 5 après l’Hégire ; et le mariage du noble Prophète avec Zaynab, contracté le même mois de la même année. Ces événements historiques déterminent exactement la période de la révélation de cette sourate.
Contexte Historique
La défaite de l’armée islamique dans la Bataille d’Uhud (en l’an 3 après l’Hégire) résultant de l’erreur des archers désignés par le noble Prophète a tellement contribué à renforcer le moral des païens arabes, des juifs et des hypocrites qu’ils se crurent bientôt capables d’exterminer complètement l’Islam et les musulmans. Leur bon état moral peut s’expliquer par les événements qui suivirent Uhud. A peine deux mois s’étaient écoulés lorsque la tribu des Banû Asad de Najd commença à préparer une attaque contre Médine. Le noble Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — dut envoyer un contingent sous le commandement d’Abû Salamah
pour les neutraliser.
Au mois de Safar de l’an 4 après l’Hégire, certaines personnes des tribus d’Adal et de Qarah demandèrent au noble Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — d’envoyer quelques hommes pour les instruire sur l’Islam. Par conséquent, il permit à six de
ses compagnons de les accompagner pour ce projet. Mais à Raji (entre Rabigh et Jeddah), ils appelèrent Hudhail à se rebeller contre eux, qui tua quatre des compagnons et emmena les deux autres (Khubaib Ibn Adi et notre maître Zayd Ibn ad-Dathinnah) à la Mecque pour les vendre à l’ennemi.
Par ailleurs, en ce même mois de Safar, à la demande d’un chef des Banû `Âmir, le noble Prophète— paix et bénédictions sur lui — envoya une députation de quarante (selon d’autres soixante dix) prêcheurs afin de former les jeunes hommes Ansars, à Najd. Mais ils furent également trahis. Les gens d’Usayyah, Ri’l et Dhakwan,
des tribus de Banû Sulaym, les encerclèrent par surprise à Bi’r Ma`ûnah et les assassinèrent tous. Pendant ce temps, la tribu Juive de Banû an-Nadir de Médine, grandement encouragée, continuait de violer les traités ; à tel point que durant Rabi’ul Awwal, de l’an 4 de l’Hégire, ils complotèrent contre la vie du saint Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — lui-même. Ainsi, pendant Jumâdâ Al-Ûlâ, de l’an 4, les Banû Thalbah et les Banû Muharib, deux tribus des Banû Ghatafan, entamèrent les préparatifs de l’attaque de Médine. Le saint Prophète dut les punir. Donc, encore après leur défaite à Uhud, les musulmans continuèrent à subir des répercussions pendant sept à huit mois.
Cependant, c’était la détermination du noble Prophète
— paix et bénédictions sur lui — ainsi que la sagesse et l’esprit de sacrifice de ses grands compagnons qui changèrent radicalement ces conditions défavorables en un laps de temps très court. Le boycott économique par les Arabes avait rendu la vie dure aux gens de Médine. Toutes les tribus polythéistes autour de Médine se rebellaient. A l’intérieur même de Médine, les mesquineries des juifs et des hypocrites furent vaines. Les avancées successives faites par une poignée de musulmans sincères, sous la direction du noble Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui —, ont non seulement rétabli l’image de force de l’Islam en Arabie, mais aussi permis d’augmenter le nombre de fidèles.
Texte 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