Nom
La sourate fut ainsi intitulée d’après le mot Quraysh figurant dans le tout premier verset.
Période de la Révélation
Bien que Ad-Dahhak et Al-Kalbî estimèrent qu’il s’agissait d’une sourate médinoise, une grande majorité des commentateurs s’accorda à dire qu’elle était mécquoise, ce que laisse entendre l’expression « rabba hadhâ al-bayt » (le Seigneur de cette Maison) dans cette même sourate. Fut-elle révélée à Médine, que l’expression « cette Maison » désignant la Ka`bah n’aurait pas été appropriée. D’ailleurs, son contenu se rapproche tellement de celui de la sourate Al-Fîl qu’elle fut probablement révélée immédiatement après elle, sans qu’aucune autre sourate ne se soit interposée entre elles.
Se basant sur cette proximité, certains savants anciens considéraient les deux sourates comme une seule entité. Cette opinion est appuyée par les traditions qui disent que dans l’exemplaire du Coran appartenant à Ubayy Ibn Ka`b (que Dieu l’agrée), ces deux sourates étaient écrites comme une seule et même sourate, c’est-à-dire sans l’insertion de « Bismillah » entre elles. [1] Par ailleurs, `Umar (que Dieu l’agrée) récita une fois ces deux sourates dans la prière comme si elles n’en faisaient qu’une. [2]
Mais ce point de vue n’est pas acceptable car dans l’exemplaire du Coran que `Uthmân (que Dieu le bénisse) fit officiellement écrire avec la coopération d’un grand nombre de Compagnons et qu’il a envoyé dans les grands centres des pays islamiques, le « Bismillah » était écrit entre ces deux sourates. Depuis ces deux sourates furent écrites séparément dans tous les exemplaires du Coran partout dans le monde. De plus, les styles de ces deux sourates sont tellement différents qu’elles constituent clairement deux sourates distinctes.
Contexte Historique
Pour bien comprendre cette sourate, il est essentiel de garder à l’esprit le contexte historique relatif à son contenu et à celui de sourate Al-Fîl.
La tribu des Quraysh était dispersée dans le Hijaz jusqu’au temps de Qusayy Ibn Kilâb, l’ancêtre du saint Prophète (que les salutations et les bénédictions de Dieu soient sur lui). Tout d’abord, Qusayy les rassembla à la Mecque et cette tribu put avoir la main mise sur la Ka`bah. C’est pourquoi Qusay fut surnommé « le rassembleur » (mujammi) par les siens. Cet homme, par sa perspicacité et sa sagesse, avait fondé une cité-état à la Mecque et avait pris d’excellentes dispositions pour le bien-être des pélerins de toute l’Arabie. De ce fait, les Quraysh bénéficièrent d’une grande influence dans les tribus et les terres arabes.
Après Qusayy, les offices de l’état mecquois se répartirent entre ses fils, `Abd Manâf et `Abd Ad-Dâr. Mais des deux, `Abd Manâf avait gagné une grande renommée même du vivant de son père et était tenu en grande estime partout en Arabie. `Abd Manâf avait 4 enfants : Hâshim, `Abd Shams, Al-Muttalib et Nawfal. Parmi eux, Hâshim, le père de `Abd Al-Muttalib le grand-père du saint Prophète, avait le premier conçu l’idée de prendre part au commerce qui se faisait à travers l’Arabie entre les pays orientaux, la Syrie et l’Égypte, et de se procurer également les produits nécessaires à la vie des arabes de telle façon que les tribus vivant près des routes commerciales achetaient ces produits et que les commerçants vivant à l’intérieur des terres soient attirés par le marché de la Mecque. C’est à cette époque que le règne sasanide s’empara du commerce international qui se faisait entre les pays septentrionaux, les territoires orientaux et l’empire byzantin en passant par le Golfe persique.
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