Nom
Pourquoi le nom Al-Baqarah (la vache, la génisse) ? La sourate a été nommée ainsi en référence au récit qui s’y trouve (versets 67 à 73). Il ne s’agit toutefois pas d’un titre qui indiquerait le sujet de la sourate. En fait, il serait aussi erroné de traduire le nom Al-Baqarah en "la vache" ou "la génisse" que de traduire littéralement les noms anglais Baker (boulanger), Rice (riz), Wolf (loup) dans une autre langue, ou vice et versa, car ceci laisserait entendre que la sourate traite du sujet de "la vache". Beaucoup de sourates ont été appelées selon le même mode parce qu’aucun mot en arabe (malgré sa richesse) n’englobe tous les thèmes abordés. En fait, toutes les langues humaines souffrent de la même restriction.
Ordre
Bien que médinoise, Al-Baqarah, suit naturellement la sourate mecquoise Al-Fatihah, qui se termine par la prière : "Guide nous vers le droit chemin". En effet, elle commence par la réponse à cette prière : "Ceci est le Livre, au sujet duquel il n’y a aucun doute, c’est un guide pour les pieux". La plus grande partie de sourate Al-Baqarah a été révélée durant les deux premières années de la vie du Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — à Médine. Une plus petite partie, révélée un peu plus tard, a été incluse dans cette sourate car son contenu est étroitement lié aux thèmes traités dans cette sourate. Par exemple, les versets interdisant l’usure ont été révélés pendant la dernière période de la vie du Prophète mais ont été inclus dans cette sourate. Pour la même raison, les derniers versets de cette sourate (284 à 286), révélés à La Mecque avant l’émigration du Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — à Médine, y ont été également inclus.
Thème : Guidance
Cette sourate est une invitation à la guidance divine, et tous les récits, incidents, etc. tournent autour de ce thème central. Comme cette sourate s’adresse en particulier aux juifs, de nombreux évènements historiques ont été cités à partir de leurs propres traditions afin de les avertir que leur bien réside dans l’acceptation de la Guidance révélée au Saint Prophète. Ils devraient donc être les premiers à l’accepter, car cette Guidance est fondamentalement la même que celle révélée au Prophète Mûsa (i.e. Moïse) que la paix de Dieu soit sur lui.
Texte 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