Nom
La sourate est ainsi désignée suite au mot ’abasa (il s’est renfrogné) qui l’ouvre.
Période de Révélation
Les exégètes et les les spécialistes du Hadîth sont unanimes au sujet de l’occasion de la révélation de cette sourate. Selon eux, quelques grands chefs de la Mecque étaient assis au sein d’une assemblée que tenait le Saint Prophète, lequel était sérieusement occupé à essayer de les persuader à accepter l’Islam. À ce moment précisément, un homme aveugle, nommé Ibn Umm Maktûm, s’était approché de lui pour rechercher l’explication d’un certain point au sujet de l’Islam. Le Saint Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — n’a pas apprécié son interruption et l’a ignoré. Sur quoi, Allâh révéla cette sourate. À partir de cet incident historique la période de révélation de cette sourate peut être déterminée avec précision .
Premièrement, il a été confirmé que Ibn Umm Maktûm était un des premiers convertis à l’Islam. Le Hafiz Ibn Hajar et le Hafiz Ibn Kathîr ont affirmé qu’il était du nombre de ceux qui avaient accepté l’Islam dans les premiers temps à la Mecque.
Deuxièmement, certains hadîths qui relatent cet incident montrent qu’il avait déjà accepté l’Islam et d’autres indiquent qu’il avait l’intention de se convertir et qu’il s’était approché du Saint Prophète à la recherche de la vérité.
`Â’ishah rapporte que, s’approchant vers le Saint Prophète, il avait dit : " Ô Messager d’Allah, guide-moi sur le droit chemin". (At-Tirmidhî, Al-Hakim, Ibn Hibban, Ibn Jarîr, Abû Ya`lâ). Selon `Abdullâh Ibn `Abbâs, il avait demandé la signification d’un verset du Coran et avait dit au Saint Prophète : "Ô Messager d’Allah, apprends-moi le savoir qu’Allah t’a enseigné". (Ibn Jarîr, Ibn Abî Hatim).
Ces traditions prouvent qu’il avait reconnu le Saint Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — en tant que Messager d’Allah et le Coran comme Livre d’Allah.
Contrairement à ceci, Ibn Zayd a interprété "la`allahû yazzakkâ" (Peut-être se purifiera-t-il) , mots du verset 3, signifiant : "la`allahû yuslim" : "il se peut qu’il accepte l’Islam" (Ibn Jarir) et les propres mots d’Allah : " Qui te dira ? Peut-être se purifiera-t-il ou se rappellera-t-il, de sorte que le Rappel lui profite ! " et " Et quant à celui qui vient à toi et qui s’empresse tout en redoutant, alors tu te distrais de lui !" [1], précisent qu’à ce moment-là, il avait développé un profond désir d’apprendre la vérité : il s’était rendu auprès du Saint Prophète croyant qu’il était la seule source de conseils et que son profond souhait ne serait satisfait que par lui ; son état apparent reflétait également que s’il lui avait donné un enseignement, il en aurait tiré bénéfice.
Troisièmement, les noms des personnes qui faisaient partie de l’assemblée du Saint Prophète à ce moment-là, ont été donnés dans différentes traditions. Dans cette liste, nous trouvons les noms de `Utbah, Shaybah, Abû Jahl, Umayyah Ibn Khalaf, Ubayy Ibn Khalaf, qui étaient les ennemis les plus virulents de l’Islam. Ceci prouve que l’incident a eu lieu à la période où ces chefs étaient toujours en pourparlers avec le Saint Prophète et leur antagonisme à l’Islam n’avait pas atteint une proportion aussi forte au point de ne plus lui rendre visite ou de ne plus avoir de conversations avec lui de temps en temps. Tous ces arguments indiquent que c’est l’une des premières sourates révélées à la Mecque.
Thèmes et Sujets Abordés
En raison du style apparent avec lequel le discours s’ouvre, on sent que dans cette sourate, Allah a exprimé un reproche (le reproche de l’Aimé pour Son aimé) [2] envers le Saint Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui — pour ne pas avoir accordé son attention à l’homme aveugle et pour s’être occupé exclusivement des grands chefs. Mais si la sourate entière est considérée objectivement, on constate que le mécontentement a été exprimé, en fait, envers les Qurayshites incroyants, qui, en raison de leurs arrogantes attitudes et leurs indifférences face à la vérité, rejetaient avec mépris le Message de Vérité porté par le Saint Prophète — paix et bénédictions sur lui —.
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