Nom
La Sourate doit son nom à la [19ème] lettre alphabétique - Sâd - par laquelle elle débute.
Période de la Révélation
Comme il le sera développé plus loin, selon certaines traditions la Sourate a été révélée au cours de la période où le Saint Prophète commença à appeler ouvertement les gens de la Mecque à l’Islam, appel qui provoqua une grande frayeur parmi les chefs Qurayshites. S’il est exact, la période de sa révélation serait [fixée] aux alentours de la 4ème année de la Mission Prophétique. Selon certaines autres traditions, la Sourate a été révélée après la conversion à l’Islam de notre maître ’Omar Ibn Al-Khattâb] qui s’était déroulée comme il est tant bien connu après la migration vers l’Abyssinie. Une autre narration montre que l’épisode qui donnerait lieu à la révélation de cette Sourate prit place au moment de la dernière maladie de Abû Talîb. Dans ce cas, s’il est juste, la période de sa révélation serait la 10ème ou la 11ème année de la Mission Prophétique.
Contexte Historique
Voici une synthèse des traditions rapportées entre autres par les Imams Ahmad, An-Nasâ’î, At-Tirmidhî, Ibn Jarîr, Ibn Abî Shaybah, Ibn Abî Hatim, Muhammad Ibn Ishâq.
Lorsque Abû Talîb tomba malade, et que les chefs Qurayshites ont compris que sa fin était proche, ils ont décidé après délibération d’aborder l’ancien chef à propos du conflit qui les oppose à son Neveu et qu’il devait résoudre. En effet, ils craignaient que, après la mort d’Abû Talîb et face aux rudes épreuves qu’ils feront subir à Muhammad, paix et bénédiction d’Allâh sur lui, les Arabes lesd méprisent en disant : " Ils avaient peur de l’ancien chef aussi longtemps qu’il était en vie ; maintenant qu’il est mort, ils ont commencé à maltraiter son Neveu ".
Au moins 25 des chefs Qurayshites dont Abû Jahl, Abu Sufyân, Umayyah Ibn Khalaf, `Âs Ibn Wâ’il, Aswad Ibn Al-Muttalib, ’Uqbah Ibn Abi Mu’ayt, `Utbah et Shaïbah partirent chez Abû Talîb. D’abord, comme à l’habitude, ils déposèrent face à lui un ensemble de plaintes à l’encontre du Saint Prophète, puis ajoutèrent : " Nous sommes venus à toi avec le souhait suivant : dis à ton Neveu de nous laisser à notre religion, et nous le laisserons à la sienne. Il pourrait adorer ce qui lui plaira. De cette façon nous ne pourrons plus lui être hostiles, mais il ne devra plus condamner nos dieux ainsi que de tenter de nous exhorter à les abandonner. Voudrais-tu bien lui dire de s’entendre avec nous sur cette condition ? " Abû Talîb appela le Saint Prophète et lui dit : " Cher Neveu, ces gens de ta tribu sont venus à moi avec un souhait. Ils veulent que tu t’arranges avec eux de façon juste afin de mettre un terme à ton conflit avec eux". Puis, il lui dévoila l’objet de la sollicitation des chefs Qurayshites. Le Saint Prophète répliqua : " Cher Oncle : je les solliciterai sur une chose qui, s’ils acceptent, leur permettra de conquérir l’Arabie tout entière ainsi que de soumettre le monde non-Arabe à leur pouvoir. " En écoutant ces propos les chefs étaient d’abord déconcertés ; ils ne savaient pas comment ils refuseraient une telle proposition. Alors, après qu’ils eurent considéré la chose, ils répondirent : " Tu parles d’un mot : nous sommes disposés à en répéter dix autres comme celui-là, mais de grâce dis-nous de quoi il s’agit" et le Saint Prophète de répondre : La ilâha illa Allâh. De là, ils se levèrent tous ensemble et quittèrent le lieu en disant ce que Allah a mentionné dans le prologue de cette Sourate.
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