Nom
Bien que ces deux sourates du Coran soient des entités séparées et qu’elles soient écrites dans le Mushaf sous deux noms différents, elles sont cependant si profondément reliées l’une à l’autre et leur contenu se ressemble tant qu’on les désigne par un nom commun aux deux : Mu`awwidhatayn (les deux sourates dans lesquelles le refuge auprès d’Allâh est recherché). L’Imâm Al-Bayhaqî dans Dalâ’il An-Nubuwwah a écrit que ces deux sourates ont été révélées ensemble, c’est pourquoi le nom commun aux deux est Mu`awwidhatayn. Nous rédigeons la même introduction pour les deux, car elles discutent et traitent des mêmes thèmes et sujets. Néanmoins, elles seront expliquées et commentées séparément ci-dessous.
Période de révélation
Nos maîtres Al-Hasan Al-Basrî, `Ikrimah, `Atâ’ et Jâbir Ibn Zayd disent que ces sourates sont Mecquoises. Une tradition de notre maître `Abdullah Ibn `Abbas soutient aussi ce point de vue. Pourtant, selon une autre de ses traditions, elles sont Médinoises et ce point de vue est également celui de nos maîtres `Abdullâh Ibn Az-Zubayr et Qatâdah. L’une des traditions qui renforcent ce second point de vue est le hadith rapporté par Muslim, At-Tirmidhî, An-Nasâ’î et l’Imâm Ahmad Ibn Hanbal selon notre maître `Uqbah Ibn `Âmir. Il dit que le Saint Prophète (que la paix soit sur lui) lui dit un jour : "Sais-tu quel genre de versets m’ont été révélés ce soir ? -ces versets incomparables sont "Qul a`ûdhu birabb il-falaq" (Je cherche refuge auprès du seigneur du aurore) et "Qul a`udhu birabb in-nâs" (Je cherche refuge auprès du Seigneur des hommes)."
Ce Hadith sert d’argument pour soutenir que ces sourates sont Médinoises car notre maître `Uqbah Ibn `Âmir a embrassé l’islam à Médine après l’Hégire, comme relaté par Abû Dâwûd et An-Nasâ’î selon le témoignage de `Uqbah lui-même. D’autres traditions qui renforcent ce point de vue sont celles relatées par Ibn Sa`d, le revivificateur de la sunnah l’Imâm Al-Baghawî, l’Imam An-Nasafî, l’Imâm Al-Bayhaqî, Al-Hâfidh Ibn Hajar, Al-Hâfidh Badruddîn Al-`Aynî, `Abd Ibn Humayd et d’autres disant que ces sourates ont été révélées quand les Juifs avaient lancé un sort contre le Saint Prophète (que la paix soit sur lui) à Médine et qu’il en était tombé malade. Ibn Sa’d a rapporté sous l’autorité d’Al-Wâqidî que ceci est arrivé en l’an 7 après l’hégire. Sur cette base, Sufyân Ibn `Uyaynah déclare que ces sourates sont médinoises.
Mais comme nous l’avons expliqué dans l’introduction de sourate Al-Ikhlâs, quand il est dit d’une certaine sourate ou d’un certain verset qu’elle ou il a été révélé(e) à telle ou telle occasion, cela ne signifie pas nécessairement qu’elle ou il ait été révélé(e) pour la première fois à cette occasion. Il arrivait parfois qu’une sourate ou un verset ait déjà été révélé(e), puis à l’occasion d’une situation ou d’un incident particulier, l’attention du Saint Prophète était attirée vers elle par Allâh pour une deuxième ou une troisième fois et ainsi de suite. A notre avis, c’est également le cas avec les Mu`awwidhatayn.
Thème et sujets abordés
Les circonstances dans lesquelles ces sourates ont été révélées à la Mecque sont les suivantes. Lorsque le Saint Prophète (que la paix soit sur lui) a commencé à prêcher le message de l’Islam, c’était comme s’il avait provoqué toutes les classes des gens autour de lui. Au fur et à mesure que son message se répandait l’opposition des mécréants de Quraysh devenait de plus en plus forte. Tant qu’ils avaient l’espoir de pouvoir l’empêcher de prêcher son message par la tentation ou par la conclusion d’un marché avec lui, leur hostilité n’était pas très active. Mais une fois que le Saint Prophète les avait déçu, car il se refusait à tout compromis avec eux en matière de foi et, que dans sourate Al-Kâfirûn, il leur est clairement dit : "Je n’adore pas ce que vous adorez et vous n’êtes pas adorateurs de ce que j’adore, à vous votre religion, et à moi la mienne", l’hostilité a atteint ses limites extrêmes.
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