Nom
La sourate tire son titre de la phrase, "wa anzalna-l-hadîda" ("nous avons fait descendre le fer") du verset 25.
Période de Révélation
Il est unanimement reconnu qu’il s’agit d’une sourate médinoise, et l’étude de son sujet montre qu’elle a probablement été révélée dans l’intervalle entre la Bataille de Uhud et la Trêve d’Al-Hudaybiyah. Cela correspond à la période où le minuscule État Islamique de Médine avait été opprimé par les mécréants et la poignée de musulmans mal équipés s’y était retranchée contre le pouvoir de l’Arabie entière. A cette époque, non seulement l’Islam exigeait des disciples qu’ils sacrifient leurs vies, mais aussi qu’ils contribuent et assistent financièrement.
Dans cette sourate, un appel puissant est fait dans ce sens. Plus loin, cette vision est soutenue dans le verset 10 dans lequel Allâh s’adresse aux croyants comme suit : "Ceux qui auront dépensé et lutté après la victoire ne seront jamais égaux à ceux qui auront dépensé et lutté avant la victoire." Les traditions relatées par Ibn Mardaweih, sous l’autorité de notre maître Anas, des hadiths soutiennent la même chose. A propos du verset "alam ya’ni lilladhîna âmanu an takhsha`a qulûbuhum lidhikrillah" ("Le moment n’est-il pas venu pour ceux qui ont cru, que leurs cœurs se recueillent à l’évocation d’Allah"), il dit que 17 ans après le début de la révélation du Coran, ce verset a été révélé pour pousser les croyants à l’action. D’après ces estimations, la période de révélation de cette sourate se situerait entre la 4ème et la 5ème année de l’hégire.
Thèmes et Sujets Traités
L’objectif de cette sourate est d’exhorter les Musulmans à dépenser pour la cause d’Allâh. C’est au moment le plus critique de l’histoire de l’Islam, c’est-à-dire quand il fallait lutter au péril de sa vie contre le paganisme arabe que cette sourate a été révélée et ce, pour persuader les musulmans de faire des sacrifices financiers plus particulièrement, et pour qu’ils se rendent compte que l’Islam ne se limite pas à une affirmation verbale et à des pratiques extérieures et que son essence et son esprit résident dans la sincérité envers Allâh et Sa Religion. La foi de celui qui est dans cet état d’esprit et qui considère sa personne et sa richesse plus chèrement qu’Allâh et Sa Religion, est creuse et donc de faible valeur aux yeux d’Allâh.
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