Nom
La sourate tire son nom de l’expression "wa âmanu bimâ nuzzila `alâ Muhammad" ("et ont cru en ce qui a été révélé à Muhammad") au verset 2, indiquant ainsi que cette sourate cite le nom de Muhammad (Paix et Bénédiction d’Allah sur Lui). De plus, elle est également connue sous le nom "Al-Qitâl" (Le Combat) qui provient de l’expression "wa dhukira fîhâ al-qitâl" ("[...] où le combat est mentionné") du verset 20.
Période de Révélation
Le contenu de cette sourate indique qu’elle a été révélée après l’Hégire à Médine quand la lutte a été imposée sans pour autant que la lutte active ne soit encore engagée. Des arguments détaillés à l’appui sont donnés plus bas.
Contexte Historique
Les conditions au moment où cette sourate a été révélée étaient telles que les Musulmans étaient devenus la cible de persécution et de tyrannie à la Mecque en particulier et en Arabie en général, et leur vie était devenue malheureuse. Bien que les musulmans de toutes parts émigrèrent à Médine pour y trouver refuge, les Quraysh n’étaient pas prêts à les laisser y vivre en paix. Ainsi, le petite colonie fut oppressée par l’ennemi, dont l’objectif était son extermination complète. La seule alternative laissée aux musulmans était la suivante : soit ils se rendaient aux forces des ignorants, abandonnant ainsi leur mission d’expansion de la vraie Foi, ou alors la pratiquant en secret ; soit ils se mettaient en état de guerre au péril de leurs vies pour régler définitivement la question de savoir si l’Islam ou l’ignorance triompherait en Arabie.
A cette occasion, Allah montra aux musulmans la même voie de résolution et de volonté, qui est la seule voie pour les vrais croyants. Il leur permit d’abord de se battre dans la sourate Al-Hajj (verset 39) et leur imposa ensuite la lutte dans sourate Al-Baqarah, verset 190. Mais à cette époque, tout le monde savait ce qu’il en coûtait de partir en guerre dans ces conditions. Il n’y avait qu’une poignée de musulmans à Médine, qui ne pouvaient même pas rassembler un millier de soldats. Pourtant, ils étaient dans l’obligation de prendre l’épée et de se heurter contre les forces païennes de l’Arabie entière. La Médine accueillait des centaines d’émigrés qui étaient encore sans logement et non établis, mais elle pouvait à peine payer les armes nécessaires à équiper les soldats pour la guerre quand bien elle limitait la nourriture à cette époque où elle était boycottée économiquement par les arabes de toutes parts.
Texte 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