Coran:102. Sourate At-Takâthur/Version lue (La course aux richesses) Arabe et traduction en français

Nom
Cette sourate tire son titre du mot At-Takâthur qui apparaît dans le premier verset.

Période de Révélation
Abû Hayyân et Ash-Shawkâni affirment que cette sourate, à l’unanimité des exégètes, est mecquoise. C’est, selon l’Imâm As-Suyutî, l’opinion reconnue. Toutefois un certain nombre de traditions appuieraient son caractère médinois :

Ibn Hâtim narre selon Abû Buraydah que cette sourate fut révélée au sujet de deux tribus des Ansâr - les Banû Hârithah et les Banû Al-Harth. Ces deux tribus avaient relaté les gloires et les œuvres illustres de certains des leurs qui étaient encore de ce monde, puis étaient parties au cimetière se vanter des grandes œuvres de leurs défunts. La Révélation Divine descendit avec "alhâkum at-takâthur" (La course aux richesses et aux honneurs vous distrait). Cependant, si l’on prend en considération les positions des compagnons et des successeurs quant au contexte de la révélation des sourates, cette tradition n’est pas un argument valide pour prouver que Sourate At-Takâthur fut exactement révélée à cette occasion. Elle montre simplement que cette sourate touche de plein fouet ces deux tribus.
L’Imâm Al-Bukhârî et Ibn Jarîr narrent cette tradition selon Ubayy Ibn Ka`b : "le Prophète - paix et bénédiction d’Allâh sur lui - a dit : Si le fils d’Adam avait deux vallées de richesses, il désirerait une troisième. Rien ne peut remplir le ventre du fils sauf la terre (i.e. la mort)… jusqu’à ce que "alhâkum at-takâthur" fut révélée". Cette tradition fut considérée comme un argument appuyant le caractère médinois de cette sourate, en ce sens que ’Ubayy Ibn Ka`b embrassa l’islam à Médine. Toutefois, cette affirmation de Ubayy ne montre pas dans quelle mesure les compagnons du Prophète (paix et bénédiction d’Allah sur lui) auraient considéré cette parole du Prophète comme une partie du Coran. S’il s’agit de dire qu’ils la considéraient comme un verset coranique, cela ne peut être accepté, car une grande majorité des compagnons était constituée d’hommes qui connaissaient par cœur chaque mot du Coran : il n’est pas possible qu’ils se trompent et prennent un hadith pour un verset. Si dire qu’elle appartient au Coran signifie qu’elle est dérivée du Coran, cette tradition pourrait également signifier que lorsque les compagnons qui ont embrassé l’islam à Médine ont entendu cette sourate pour la première fois par le Noble Prophète, ils auraient cru qu’elle fut révélée à l’instant même, ils auraient pensé que la parole susmentionnée du Noble Prophète fut dérivée de ce verset.
Ibn Jarîr, At-Tirmidhî, Ibn Al-Mundhir et d’autres experts en traditions rapportent ce propos de l’Imâm `Ali : "Nous avions des doutes sur les supplices de la tombe jusqu’au jour où "alhâkum at-takâthur" fut révélée". Cette parole de l’Imâm `Ali fut considérée comme un argument en la faveur du caractère médinois de la Sourate, en ce sens que les supplices de la tombe seraient mentionnés pour la première fois à Médine, sans que la moindre mention n’en ait été faite à la Mecque. Ceci est inexact. En effet, dans les sourates mecquoises, les supplices de la tombe sont mentionnés dans divers passages d’une façon tellement claire, ne laissant la place pour le moindre doute à ce sujet. A titre d’exemple, on peut se référer aux versets suivants : Al- An`âm:93, An-Nahl:28, Al-Mu’minûn:99-100, Al- Mu’min:45-46, lesquels sont tous mecquois. Par conséquent, s’il fallait conclure quelque chose de cette parole de l’Imâm `Ali, on dirait que Sourate At-Takâthur fut révélée avant les sourates mecquoises que nous venons de citer et que sa révélation a dissipé tout doute chez les compagnons au sujet des supplices de la tombe.

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